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KUNCI LISTENING 21
  1. Focus on The Last Dialogue   2. Choose Answers with Synonyms   3. Avoid Similar Sounds   4. Draw Conclusions About Who, What, and Where   5. Listen for Who and What In Passives   6. Listen for Who and What With Multiple Nouns   7. Listen for Negative Expressions   8. Listen for Double Negative Expressions   9. Listen for "Almost Negative" Expressions 10. Listen for Negatives With Comparatives 11. Listen for Expressions of Agreement 12. Listen for Expressions of Uncertainty and Suggestion 13. Listen for Emphatic Expressions of Surprise 14. Listen for Wishes 15. Listen for Untrue Conditions 16. Listen for Two and Three Part Verbs 17. Listen for Idioms 18. Strategies of Long Conversation 19. Listen for Answer in Order 20. Strategies of Long Talk 21. Listen for Answer in Order
KUNCI STRUCTURE 60
A. Sentences with One Clause   1. Be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb   2. Be careful of objects of prepositions   3. Be careful of appositives   4. Be careful of present participles   5. Be careful of past participles B. Sentences with Multiple Clauses   6. Use coordinate connectors correctly   7. Use adverb time And cause connectors correctly   8. Use other adverb connectors correctly C. More Sentences with Multiple Clauses   9. Use noun clause connectors correctly 10. Use noun clause connector/subjects correctly 11. Use adjective clause connectors correctly 12. Use adjective clause connector/subjects correctly D. Sentences with Reduced Clauses 13. Use reduced adjective clauses correctly 14. Use reduced adverb clauses correctly E. Sentences with Inverted Subjects and Verbs 15. Invert the subject and verb with question words 16. Invert the subject and verb with place expressions 17. Invert the subject and verb with negatives 18. Invert the subject and verb with conditionals 19. Invert the subject and verb with comparisons F. Problems with Subject/Verb Agreement 20. Make verbs agree after prepositional phrases 21. Make verbs agree after expressions of quantity 22. Make inverted verbs agree 23. Make verbs agree after certain words G. Problems with Parallel Structure 24. Use parallel structure with coordinate conjunctions 25. Use parallel structure with paired conjunctions 26. Use parallel structure with comparisons H. Problems with Comparatives and Superlatives 27. Form comparatives and superlatives correctly 28. Use comparatives and superlatives correctly 29. Use the irregular -er, -er structure correctly I. Problems with the Form of the Verb 30. After have, use the past participle 31. After be, use the present participle or the past participle 32. After will, would, or other modals, use the base form of the verb J. Problems with the Use of the Verb 33. Know when to use the past with the present 34. Use have and had correctly 35. Use the correct tense with time expressions 36. Use the correct tense with will and would K. Problems with Passive Verbs 37. Use the correct form of the passive 38. Recognize active and passive meanings L. Problems with Nouns 39. Use the correct singular or plural noun 40. Distinguish countable and uncountable nouns 41. Recognize irregular plurals of nouns 42. Distinguish the person from the thing M. Problems with Pronouns 43. Distinguish subject and object pronouns 44. Distinguish possessive adjectives and pronouns 45. Check pronoun reference for agreement N. Problems with Adjectives and Adverbs 46. Use basic adjectives and adverbs correctly 47. Use adjectives after linking verbs 48. Position adjectives and adverbs correctly O. More Problems with Adjectives 49. Recognize -ly adjectives 50. Use predicate adjectives correctly 51. Use -ed and -ing adjectives correctly P. Problems with Articles 52. Use articles with singular nouns 53. Distinguish a and an 54. Make articles agree with nouns 55. Distinguish specific and general ideas Q. Problems with Prepositions 56. Recognize incorrect prepositions 57. Recognize when prepositions have been omitted R. Problems with Usage 58. Distinguish make and do 59. Distinguish like, alike, and unlike 60. Distinguish other, another, and others
KUNCI READING 13
A. Question about the Ideas of the Passage   1. Answer Main Idea Questions Correctly   2. Recognize The Organization of Ideas B. Directly Answered Questions   3. Answer Stated Detail Questions Correctly   4. Find "unstated" Details   5. Find Pronouns Referents C. Vocabulary Questions   6. Answer Implied Detail Questions Correctly   7. Answer Transition Questions Correctly D. Vocabulary Questions   8. Find Definitions From Structural Clues   9. Determine Meanings From Word Parts 10. Use Context to Determine Meanings of Difficult Words 11. Use Context to Determine Meanings of Simple Words E. Overall Review Questions 12. Determine Where Specific Information Is Found 13. Use Context to Determine Meanings of Simple Words
PRAKTIK TES 5
    1. Practice One     2. Practice Two     3. Practice Three     4. Practice Four     5. Practice Five
STATISTIC 4
    1. Statistic Listening     2. Statistic Structure     3. Statistic Reading     4. Statistic Practice
INTERMEZZO 1
    1. Intermezzo
APPENDIX 9
    1. Irregular Verb     2. Idiomatic Expression     3. Preposition     4. Word Prefix     5. Word Suffix     6. Word Part     7. Tenses     8. TOEFL Words     9. Similar Sound
INFO TOEFL 8
    1. Tempat Tes TOEFL     2. Jenis Tes TOEFL     3. Strategi Tes TOEFL     4. Tips Tes TOEFL     5. Persyaratan TOEFL     6. Registrasi Tes TOEFL     7. Manfaat Tes TOEFL     8. Sertifikat TOEFL
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Kunci Rahasia 13Close

Use Context to Determine Meanings of Simple Words
Gunakan Konteks untuk Menentukan Makna dari Kata Sederhana
Bentuk pertanyaan tinjauan (review) lainnya, terkadang muncul dalam tes Reading Comprehension. Pertanyaan yang muncil dapat berupa tentang (1) nada/emosi (tone), (2) tujuan penulis dalam menulis bacaan (purpose), dan (3) mata kuliah yang mungkin bacaan itu gunakan (course).
Pertanyaan tentang tone (nada/emosi) berupa emosi yang ditunjukkan penulis dalam tulisannya. Emosi yang dimaksud bersifat informatif, penjelasan, atau faktual. Emosi yang ditunjukkan penulis dalam tulisannya harus mampu Anda kenali untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang nada (emosi) dengan benar. Jika penulis sedang lucu, maka nadanya mungkin lucu; jika penulis membuat memperolok sesuatu, nadanya mungkin sarkastis; jika penulis sedang memiliki perasaan yang kuat bahwa sesuatu itu benar atau salah, nadanya mungkin berapi-api.
Sedangkan pertanyaan jenis purpose menanyakan tentang tujuan penulis dalam tulisannya. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini dengan benar, Anda harus menarik kesimpulan tentang tujuan penulis yang mengacu ke gagasan utama dan susunan rinciannya dari bacaan tersebut.
Sedangkan pertanyaan jenis purpose meminta Anda untuk memutuskan sebagai mata kuliah apa yang kemungkinan bacaan ini ditugaskan. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan jenis ini, Anda harus menarik kesimpulan dengan mengacu pada topik bacaan dan susunan rinciannya.
The passage:
(1)      Military awards have long been considered symbolic of royalty, and thus when the United States was a young nation just finished with revolution and eager to distance itself from anything tasting of monarchy, there was strong sentiment against military decoration. For a century, from the end of the Revolutionary War until the Civil War, the United States awarded no military honors.
(2)      The institution of the Medal of Honor in 1861 was a source of great discussion and concern. From the Civil War until World War I, the Medal of Honor was (10) the only military award given by the United States government, and today it is awarded only in the most extreme cases of heroism. Although the United States is still somewhat wary of granting military awards, several awards have been instituted since World War I.
The question:
1. The tone of this passage is
(A) angered
(B) humorous
(C) outraged
(D) informational
2. The author's purpose in this passage is to
(A) describe the history of military awards from the Revolutionary War to the Civil War.
(B) demonstrate an effect of America's attitude toward royalty
(C) give an opinion of military award
(D) outline various historical symbols of royalty

3. The passage would probably be assigned reading in a course on
(A) general science
(B) psychology
(C) American history
(D) interior decoration
     Pertanyaan pertama, kita ditanya tentang tone bagian bacaan. Untuk menentukan nada bacaan, kita harus melihat setiap indikasi emosional penulis dalam bacaan. Kita lihat, penulis menggunakan fakta sejarah untuk membuat poin tentang sentimen menentang penghargaan militer Amerika. Penulis tidak menggunakan dalih emosi apa pun. Karena itu, jawaban yang tepat adalah (D). Selain itu, tidak ditemukan juga adanya indikasi anger (A), humor (B), atau outrage (C) dari bagian bacaan.
     Pertanyaan kedua, meminta tentang tujuan penulis dalam tulisannya. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini dengan benar, Anda harus mengacu pada gagasan utama dari bagian ini yang dituangkan dalam kalimat pertama. Ide utama adalah bahwa ada sentimen penentangan yang kuat terhadap penghargaan militer di Amerika Serikat karena penghargaan militer telah dianggap simbol kerajaan. Penulis memberikan fakta-fakta sejarah tentang penghargaan militer sebagai rincian untuk mendukung gagasan utama. Karena tujuan ditentukan dari ide utama dan susunan rincian keseluruhan, tujuan penulis adalah untuk menggambarkan, menjelaskan, atau menunjukkan bahwa sentimen Amerika menentang penghargaan militer karena sentimen negatif terhadap kerajaan. Oleh karena itu, jawaban (B) adalah jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan ini. Anda harus menyadari bahwa jawaban yang benar adalah jauh lebih umum daripada gagasan utama: menurut jawaban (B), tujuannya adalah untuk menunjukkan sebuah efek (demonstrate an effect) sikap Amerika terhadap royalti (of America's attitude toward royalty).
     Pertanyaan ketiga, tentang mata kuliah yang mungkin ditugasi bacaan ini. Untuk menarik kesimpulan tentang mata kuliah/pelajaran, kita harus merujuk ke topik dari bagian atau keseluruhan susunan rincian bacaan ini. Karena bacaan ini tentang penghargaan militer Amerika, dan rinciannya membahas sejarah penghargaan militer Amerika dari Revolusi Perang hingga hari ini, maka jawaban yang tepat adalah (C).

RUMUS KUNCI 13

Cara Mengiden-
tifikasi Pertanyaan
TONE: "What is the tone of the passage?
PURPOSE: "What is the author's purpose in this passage?
COURSE: "In which course would this reading be assigned?
Mencari Jawaban
TONE: Ada petunjuk melalui bacaan yang ditampilkan penulis mengenai beberapa emosi atau perasaan, daripada hanya menunjukkan fakta.
PURPOSE: Menarik kesimpulan tentang tujuan dari gagasan utama dan rincian pendukung.
COURSE: Menarik kesimpulan tentang mata kuliah/pelajaran dari topik bacaan dan rincian pendukung.
Cara Menjawab Pertanyaan
TONE: 1. Saring bacaan untuk mencari petunjuk beberapa emosi yang ditampilkan penulis.
2. Pilih jawaban yang teridentfikasi emosi tersebut.
PURPOSE: 1. Pelajari gagasan utama dalam topik kalimat dan rincian yang digunakan untuk mendukung gagasan utama.
2. Tarik kesimpulan tentang tujuan.
COURSE: 1. Pelajari gagasan utama dalam topik kalimat dan rincian yang digunakan untuk mendukung gagasan utama.
2. Tarik kesimpulan tentang mata kuliah/pelajaran.

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Questions 1-3Close

(1)      Sacajawea, a member of the Shoshone tribe, proved invaluable as a member of the historic 1804-1806 Lewis and Clark expedition. The only woman to accompany the expedition, she served as a guide and interpreter when Lewis and Clark reached the upper Missouri River and the mountains from which she had come. While still a teenager, she took part in the expedition from the Northern Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean and back, using her navigational, diplomatic, and translating skills to make an outstanding contribution to the success of the expedition.
(2)      Sacajawea's contributions to the success of the Lewis and Clark expedition were numerous and varied. She served as an interpreter and diplomat in dealing with the Shoshone that the expedition encountered. While she herself did not speak English, she spoke Shoshone and Hidatsa and was able to convey information to her husband, who spoke Hidatsa and French; her husband then communicated with a French-and English-speaking member of the expedition. When the expedition encountered the Shoshone, Sacajawea would communicate the expedition's peaceful intentions and negotiate the purchase of horses and needed supplies from the Shoshone. In addition to her assistance as a negotiator and diplomat, Sacajawea used her broad knowledge of the bounties of nature to help keep the expedition healthy and fed. She knew which roots, plants, and berries could be used as food and which could be used to treat a host of maladies, ranging from minor injuries to serious illnesses, and she spent uncountable hours scouring the land in search of roots to dig and plants and berries to gather. She also turned out to be extremely useful to the expedition as a guide through the huge expanses of land that she had covered in her youth. She remembered Shoshone trails from her childhood and was able to point out expeditious routes, including what is today known as Bozeman Pass in Montana, because of these childhood memories. Because of these, and numerous other contributions, Sacajawea proved instrumental in the success of the Lewis and Clark expedition.
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Questions 4-6Close

(1)      The auroras are a phenomenal display of greenish-white light typically visible in the skies above the polar regions of the Earth. This natural light show constantly changes in configuration and can shift dramatically in seconds; it may change from a barely visible glow to blinding sheets of swaying, shimmering light. However, it is not just an enjoyable light show; it is also a phenomenon that bears further study because of its potential impact on civilization.
(2)      Richard Carrington, an English physicist and astronomer, was the first person to determine the actual cause of the auroras. On September 1, 1859, Carrington observed a tremendous solar flare on the surface of the Sun. Two nights later, an intense aurora spread over large parts of Europe. Carrington came to the conclusion that the huge solar flares two nights earlier had played a role. Carrington's first hunch has since been scientifically established. It is now known that the solar wind, a continuous flow of charged subatomic particles from the Sun that streams around the Earth, causes the auroras as it passes through the Earth's geomagnetic field.
(3)      The auroras are generally a polar phenomenon; however, particularly strong auroras have at times appeared over densely populated areas of the Earth and have wreaked havoc. The 1859 aurora noted by Carrington took out telegraph communication throughout much of Europe by overwhelming the pulses of electromagnets. A century later, in 1958, a tremendous auroral storm above North America overloaded utility circuits and caused a blackout in much of northeastern Canada. Twenty auroral superstorms have been recorded since 1880, and human dependence on electrical devices has been increasing steadily. With this large number of superstorms and ever-widening use of electrical devices, further auroral interference into the lives of humanity seems likely.
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Questions 7Close

(1)      Another type of lizard, Jackson's chameleon is a remarkable model of adaptability, one whose ability to adjust to varying environments exceeds that of other members of its species. True to the reputation of the species, Jackson's chameleon is a master of camouflage. Special skin cells called chromatophores enable the chameleon to change the pigment in its skin rapidly and escape detection. While the lizard is stalking its prey, it moves very slowly, in a deliberate rocking gait so as to appear to be a part of a branch moved by a gentle breeze. Jackson's chameleon also has the ability to change the shape of its body. By elongating itself, it can look like a twig; by squeezing its sides laterally, it can appear flattened like a leaf. These camouflaging techniques also help the chameleon to escape detection from predators.
(2)      The color change that is characteristic of all chameleons is not solely for the purpose of camouflage. Jackson's chameleon, like all lizards, is an ectotherm that depends on the sun to maintain its body temperature. By changing to a darker color in the morning hours, it can absorb more heat. Once it has reached its optimal body temperature of 77 degrees Fahrenheit (25 degrees Celsius), it changes to a paler hue. Through color change, the chameleon can also communicate its mood to other members of the species. A color change may signal a warning to stay away or an invitation to draw closer.
(3)      Jackson's chameleon has further exemplified its adaptive nature in a way that surpasses other chameleons in its noteworthy migration to a new home: it has become a well-established resident of the Hawaiian Islands even though it is indigenous to the highland rain forests of Kenya and Tanzania. As the story goes, back in 1972 a pet shop owner on the island of Oahu imported several dozen Jackson's chameleons to be sold as pets. When the shipment arrived, the reptiles were emaciated and dehydrated, so the pet shop owner released the lizards into his lush garden, assuming that he could recapture them after they had revived. The chameleons escaped and spread throughout the island, where they thrived in the moist, well-planted tropical flora. Relishing the habitat of secondary growth forest, agricultural areas, and even residential gardens, the chameleon found a ready-made home in its adopted environment.
(4)      Jackson's chameleons continued their unsolicited migration to other islands in the chain as the popular lizards were captured by hikers and other visitors to the island, who took them home and released them in their gardens. This is now a truly ubiquitous lizard; that is, it is now commonplace on all the major Hawaiian Islands.
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  Materi Kunci 13Reading Text 1-3
Pembahasan:
Kalimat pertama dari paragraf pertama menyatakan bahwa Sacajawea...proved invaluable as a member of the historic 1804-1806 Lewis and Clark expedition, dan kalimat pertama dari paragraf kedua menyebutkan Sacajawea's contributions to the success of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Kalimat pertama dari setiap paragraf secara umum menyediakan petunjuk sebagai purpose (tujuan) dari bacaan. Berdasarkan itu, dapat ditentukan bahwa tujuan bacaan ialah untuk describe the valued contributions of a historical figure. Jadi, jawabannya adalah (A).
Pembahasan:
Paragraf pertama dimulai dengan gagasan bahwa Sacajawea... proved invaluable, dan paragraf kedua dimulai dengan Sacajawea's contributions. Kalimat pertama masing-masing paragraf, secara umum menyediakan petunjuk sebagai tone (emosi) dari bacaan. Berdasarkan itu, kita dapat menentukan bahwa tone (emosi) dari bacaan ini ialah complimentary. Jadi, jawabannya adalah (B).
Pembahasan:
Kalimat pertama dari paragraf pertama menyatakan bahwa Sacajawea...proved invaluable as a member of the historic 1804-1806 Lewis and Clark expedition. Dari keterangan ini, dapat ditentukan bahwa "this passage would most likely be assigned reading in a course on" nineteenth-century American history. Jadi, jawabannya adalah (C).
Pembahasan:
Kalimat pertama dari paragraf ke-1 menyatakan bahwa the auroras are a phenomenal display, kalimat pertama dari paragraf ke-2 menyatakan bahwa Richard Carrington...was the first person to determine the actual cause of the auroras, dan kalimat pertama dari paragraf ke-3 menyatakan bahwa particularly strong auroras have at times...wreaked havoc. Kalimat pertama dari setiap paragraf secara umum menyediakan petunjuk sebagai purpose (tujuan) dari bacaan. Berdasarkan itu, dapat ditentukan bahwa tujuan bacaan ini untuk describe the cause and impact of a phenomenon. Jadi, jawabannya adalah (D).
Pembahasan:
Paragraf pertama membicarakan the auroras dan disimpulkan dengan gagasan bahwa it is also a phenomenon that bears further study because of its potential impact on civilization, dan paragraf terakhir dimulai dengan gagasan bahwa particularly strong auroras have at times...wreaked havoc dan diakhiri dengan gagasan bahwa further auroral interference into the lives of humanity seems likely. Berdasarkan ini, dapat ditentukan bahwa tone (emosi) dari bacaan ini adalah advisory. Jadi, jawabannya adalah (D).
Pembahasan:
Kalimat pertama dari paragraf ke-1 menyatakan bahwa the auroras are a phenomenal display of greenish-white light typically visible in the skies. Berdasarkan ini, dapat ditentukan bahwa kemungkinan besar bacaan ini dijadikan tugas dalam astronomy. Jadi, jawabannya adalah (B).
Pembahasan:
Dari kalimat pertama dari paragraf peratama, dapat ditentukan bahwa bacaan ini kemungkinan tentang type of lizard, Jackson's chameleon. Dikarenakan kadal adalah reptil, itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa bacaan ini mungkin bisa jadi bagian mata kuliah/pelajaran dalam Biology of Reptiles. Jadi, jawabannya adalah (B).
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